Co-creating Inclusive Public Spaces: Learnings from Four Global Case Studies on inclusive Cities
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Published:
Jun 26, 2022
Keywords:
inclusive design urban planning disability inclusive cities inclusive public space accessibility
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Abstract
This paper presents some of the findings from a global research study on inclusive infrastructure and city design and will focus on inclusive public spaces. Persons with disabilities can experience multi-dimensional exclusion from urban life, including but not limited to physical, attitudinal and social barriers. Public spaces, including recreational and social spaces, are often not prioritised. Inclusive public spaces are fundamental to participation and inclusive in society. Including persons with disabilities in the design and planning of the built environment supports equal rights and helps identify people’s aspirations for inclusive environments.
Four city case studies will be discussed in this paper: Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Varanasi, India; Surakarta, Indonesia; and Nairobi, Kenya. Research participants and objectives are organised by three stakeholder groups:
- People - first-hand experiences of persons with disabilities living in the city and their aspirations for a more inclusive city
- Policy - the awareness and understanding of inclusive design among policy-makers
- Practice - the awareness and understanding of inclusive design among practitioners including barriers to implementation, opportunities and the relationship with assistive technology
Methods include document reviews, interviews, photo diaries and co-design workshops with participatory and inclusive engagement of persons with disabilities throughout. Findings on public spaces are discussed in three ways:
- The types of public spaces valued by participants in each of the four cities.
- The barriers and challenges experienced by persons with disabilities in the public realm.
- Aspirations for more inclusive public spaces and opportunities for inclusive design
The paper concludes by discussing how the targeted stakeholder groups of people, policy and practice also help represent three essential dimensions of inclusive city design and forming a framework for successful implementation and delivery and supporting targets set out through the UNCRPD and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
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How to Cite
Patrick, M. and McKinnon, I. (2022) “Co-creating Inclusive Public Spaces: Learnings from Four Global Case Studies on inclusive Cities”, The Journal of Public Space, 7(2), pp. 93–116. doi: 10.32891/jps.v7i2.1500.
Section
Academic
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Harper, A., Essig, B. and Youssefian, E. (2021) Disability, Displacement and Climate Change. UNHCR, IDMC and IDA, p. 2. Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/60896a274.pdf (Accessed: 1 February 2022).
Harvey, D. (2012) Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution. Verso Books.
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Jha, D.K., Harshwardhan, R. and Tripathi, V.K. (2016) ‘Determining Poverty and Quality of Life in Slums of Varanasi City’, National Geographical Journal of India, 62(4), pp. 377–388.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2020) 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. Available at: https://www.knbs.or.ke/download/2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics/ (Accessed: 8 February 2022).
Kern, L. (2021) Feminist City: Claiming Space in a Man-made World. Verso Books, p. 224.
Kett, M. and Cole, E. (2018) Research Report: Disability and Climate Resilience Research Project. UCL and Leonard Cheshire. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5af94ae4e5274a25e78bbe03/FINAL_Climate_research_report_100518.pdf (Accessed: 8 February 2022).
Lemanski, C. (2019) Citizenship and Infrastructure: Practices and Identities of Citizens and the State. New York: Routledge.
Madanipour, A. (2010) Whose Public Space?: International Case Studies in Urban Design and Development. New York: Routledge.
Marrengane, N. and Croese, S. (2021) There’s a disconnect between research and urban planning in Africa: how to fix it, The Conversation. Available at: http://theconversation.com/theres-a-disconnect-between-research-and-urban-planning-in-africa-how-to-fix-it-157113 (Accessed: 11 August 2021).
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Menard, A. (2020) Young Mongols: Forging Democracy in the Wild, Wild East. Penguin Random House SEA.
Mogilevich, M. (2020) The Invention of Public Space: Designing for Inclusion in Lindsay’s New York. University of Minnesota Press.
Mongolian Statistical Information Service (2016) 2015 Population and Housing, Census of Mongolia. Available at: www.1212.mn (Accessed: 28 May 2020).
United Nations (2016), New Urban Agenda. Retrieved at: https://habitat3.org/the-new-urban-agenda/
Patrick, M., McKinnon, I. and Austin, V. (2020) Inclusive Design and Accessibility in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. AT2030 Inclusive Infrastructure Case Studies. Prepared by the Global Disability Innovation Hub and partners for the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26922.44485
Patrick, M., McKinnon, I., Mishra, S., Gupta, S., Roy, P, Choudhury, U., Murugkar, K., and Raheja, G. (2021) Inclusive Design and Accessibility in Varanasi, India. AT2030 Inclusive Infrastructure Case Studies. Prepared by the Global Disability Innovation Hub and partners for the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.21808.69129
Patrick, M., Putri Prastika, K., Jamil, F., Asterina, N. and McKinnon, I. (2022) Inclusive Deisgn and Accessibility in Solo, Indonesia. Prepared by the Global Disability Innovation Hub and partners for the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. Available at www.at2030.org/inclusive-infrastructure.
Pineda, V.S. (2020) Building the Inclusive City: Governance, Access, and the Urban Transformation of Dubai. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32988-4.
Rebernik, N., Marušić, B. and Bahillo, A. (2019) Understanding the complexity of inclusive public spaces design – Reflections on the case study of Slovenia. In: Merluci Menezes, Carlos Smaniotto (Eds.). Neighbourhood & City - Between digital and analogue perspectives, p. 415.
Scott, A.A. et al. (2017) ‘Temperature and heat in informal settlements in Nairobi’, PLOS ONE, 12(11), p. e0187300. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187300.
Singh, R.P.B. and Rana, P.S. (2017) ‘Varanasi: Sustainable Development Goals, Smart City Vision and Inclusive Heritage Development’, p. 19.
Stahl, A. (2019) Age-inclusive Public Space Learning in Practice. Hatje Cantz.
Sverdlik, A. (2021) Nairobi: City Scoping Case Study. African Cities Research Consortium, p. 12. Available at: https://www.african-cities.org/publications/.
The World Health Organisation (2011) World Report on Disability. The World Health Organisation, p. 350.
UN (2022) Goal 11 | Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable, UN Sustainable Development Goals. Available at: https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal11 (Accessed: 7 February 2022).
UNESCO and Kota Kita (2018) Solo City: A Disability-Inclusive City Profile | UNESCO Inclusive Policy Lab. UNESCO & Kota Kita. Available at: https://en.unesco.org/inclusivepolicylab/e-teams/inclusive-policy-persons-disabilities-indonesia/documents/solo-city-disability-inclusive (Accessed: 15 April 2021).
United Nations (2006) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) | United Nations Enable. Available at: https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities.html (Accessed: 6 February 2022).
WeThe15 (2021) WeThe15: A global human rights movement for the 1.2 billion persons with disabilities, WeThe15. Available at: https://www.wethe15.org/news/wethe15-a-global-human-rights-movement-for-the-12-billion-persons-with-disabilities (Accessed: 7 February 2022).
Ye, J. (2019) ‘Re-orienting geographies of urban diversity and coexistence: Analyzing inclusion and difference in public space’, Progress in Human Geography, 43(3), pp. 478–495. doi:10.1177/0309132518768405.