Pedestrians with Disabilities and Town and City Streets: From Shared to Inclusive Space?
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Published:
Jun 26, 2022
Keywords:
shared space pedestrianisation accessibility people with disabilities exclusion human rights
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Abstract
This article highlights the importance of ensuring that accessibility and inclusion for people with disabilities, as required by the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, is fully embedded in efforts to reduce the dominance of cars in city streets and promote more active modes of travel (including walking, wheeling and cycling) in line with global agendas. Drawing on emerging findings from the Inclusive Public Space research project, we present and critically reflect on types of difficulty associated with streets in which what is commonly known as a ‘shared space’ design operates, and those in which all or part of the available space is designated as primarily for pedestrian use. The data on which this analysis is based is qualitative, deriving from 83 semi-structured interviews about the experiences of our participants (a substantial majority of whom identified as having a disability) in two large UK cities and their wider metropolitan areas. The types of exclusionary experience described by our participants are organised into two broad overlapping categories – first, difficulties associated with navigating environments in which kerbs have been removed; and second, difficulties associated with interacting with vehicles (including bicycles) within and at the boundaries of shared or pedestrian spaces. Our findings are in line with those of previous projects that challenge and complicate claims that ‘shared space’ design, with its removal of kerbs and controlled crossings, enhances safety and mobility for all. Further, they demonstrate that many of the concerns associated with ‘shared space’ environments are also applicable to other types of street environment intended primarily for pedestrians. As well as highlighting and raising awareness of potential types of exclusion against which action should be taken, we draw attention to measures that could reduce the risk of such exclusionary barriers arising and persisting.
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How to Cite
Lawson, A., Eskytė, I., Orchard, M., Houtzager, D. and De Vos, E. L. (2022) “Pedestrians with Disabilities and Town and City Streets: From Shared to Inclusive Space?”, The Journal of Public Space, 7(2), pp. 41–62. doi: 10.32891/jps.v7i2.1603.
Section
Academic
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References
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Bates, D.M. (2008) ‘User perspective: Blind people and shared space surface developments: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers’, Urban Design and Planning, 161(2), pp. 49-50.
Beitel, D., Stipancic, J., Manaugh, K. and Miranda-Moreno, L. (2018) ‘Assessing safety of shared space using cyclist-pedestrian interactions and automated video conflict analysis’, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 65, pp. 710-724.
Blaikie, N. (2010) Designing Social Research: The Logic of Anticipation. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Campisi, T., Ignaccolo, M., Inturri, G., Tesoriere, G., and Torrisi, V. (2021) ‘Evaluation of walkability and mobility requirements of visually impaired people in urban spaces’, Research in Transportation Business & Management, 40 [Online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2020.100592 (Accessed: 25 May 2022).
Che, M., Wong, Y.D., Lum, K.M. and Wang, X. (2021) ‘Interaction behaviour of active mobility users in shared space’, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 153, pp. 52-65.
Church, A., Frost, M. and Sullivan, K. (2000) ‘Transport and social exclusion in London’, Transport Policy, 7(3), pp. 195-205.
Clarke, P. and Gallagher, N.A. (2013) ‘Optimizing Mobility in Later Life: The Role of the Urban Built Environment for Older Adults Aging in Place’, Journal of Urban Health, 90, pp. 997–1009.
De Haan, P. and Nota, S. (2012) Shared Space 2.0, Verkeerskunde [Online]. Available at: https://www.verkeerskunde.nl/artikel/shared-space-20-vk-2-2012 (Accessed: 10 October 2021).
Delaney, H. (2016) ‘Walking and cycling interactions on shared-use paths’. Doctoral dissertation, University of the West of England.
Department for Transport (2011) Using shared space to improve high streets for pedestrians (LTN 1/11). London: Stationery Office.
Disabled Persons Transport Advisory Committee (2018) Guidance: DPTAC Position on Shared Space. London: DPTAC.
Eskytė, I. (2019) ‘When accessibility of public space excludes: Shopping experience of people with vision impairments’, The Journal of Public Space, 4(4), pp. 37-60.
Gerlach, J., Methorst, R., Boenke, D. and Leven, J. (2009) Sense and nonsense about Shared Space - For an objective view of a popular planning concept [Online]. Available at: https://www.pedbikeinfo.org/cms/downloads/Shared%20Space_short_german-Eng.pdf (Accessed: 10 November 2021).
Gharebaghi, A., Mostafavi, M.A., Chavoshi, S.H., Edwards, G. and Fougeyrollas, P. (2018), ‘The role of social factors in the accessibility of urban areas for people with motor disabilities. International Journal of Geo-Information, 7(4), p. 131.
Greed, C. (2011) ‘Planning for sustainable urban areas or everyday life and inclusion: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers’, Urban Design and Planning, 164(2), pp. 107-119.
Guest, G., Bunce, A. and Johnson, L. (2006) ‘How any interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability’, Field Methods, 18(1), pp. 59-82.
Hamilton-Baillie, B. (2008) ‘Towards shared space’, Urban Design International, 13(2), pp. 130-138.
Hammond, V. and Musselwhite, C. (2013) ‘The attitudes, perceptions and concerns of pedestrians and vulnerable road users to shared space: A case study from the UK’, Journal of Urban Design, 18(1), pp. 78-97.
Hatfield, J. and Prabhakharan, P. (2016) ‘An investigation of behaviour and attitudes relevant to the user safety of pedestrian/cyclist shared paths’, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 40, pp. 35-47.
Havik, E.M., Melis-Dankers, B.J., Steyvers, F.J. and Kooijman, A.C. (2012) ‘Accessibility of Shared Space for visually impaired persons: An inventory in the Netherlands’, British Journal of Visual Impairment, 30(3), pp. 132-148.
Havik, E.M., Steyvers, F.J., Kooijman, A.C. and Melis-Dankers, B.J. (2015) ‘Accessibility of shared space for visually impaired persons: A comparative field study’, British Journal of Visual Impairment, 33(2), pp. 96-110.
Henn, M., Weinstein, M. and Foard, N. (2006) A Short Introduction to Social Research. London: Sage Publications.
Holmes, C. (2015) Accidents by Design: The Holmes Report into ‘Shared Space’ in the United Kingdom. London: Stationery Office.
Hopkinson, P. and Wardman, M. (1996) ‘Evaluating the demand for new cycle facilities’, Transport Policy, 3(4), pp. 241-249.
House of Commons (2017) Women and Equalities Committee, Building for Equality: Disability and the Built Environment. London: Stationery Office.
House of Lords (2016) Select Committee on the Equality Act 2010 and Disability, The Equality Act 2010: The Impact on Disabled People. London: Stationery Office.
Imrie, R. (2012) ‘Auto-disabilities: The case of shared space environments’, Environment and Planning A, 44(9), pp. 2260-2277.
Inclusive Public Space Project [Online]. Available at: https://inclusivepublicspace.leeds.ac.uk/ (Accessed: 30 May 2022).
Kaparias, I. and Li, P. (2021) ‘Behaviour and perceptions of powered two-wheeler users in street designs with elements of shared space’, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 80, pp. 368-380.
Kaparias, I., Bell, M.G.H, Biagioli, T., Bellezza, L. and Mount, B. (2015) ‘Behavioural analysis of interactions between pedestrians and vehicles in street designs with elements of shared space’, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 30, pp. 115-127.
Keates, S. and Clarkson, P. (2003) ‘Countering design exclusion: bridging the gap between usability and accessibility’, Universal Access in the Information Age, 2, pp. 215–225.
Latham, A. and Layton, J. (2019), ‘Social infrastructure and the public life of cities: Studying urban sociality and public spaces’, Geography Compass, 13 [Online]. Available at: https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/gec3.12444 (Accessed: 15 May 2022).
Liang, X., Meng, X. and Zheng, L. (2021) ‘Investigating conflict behaviours and characteristics in shared space for pedestrians, conventional bicycles and e-bikes’, Accident Analysis & Prevention, 158 [Online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106167 (Accessed: 15 May 2022).
Maas, M. (2020) Den Haag vindt ‘shared space’ toch te gevaarlijk (The Hague considers ‘shared space’ to be too dangerous). Binnenlands Bestuur [Online]. Available at: https://www.binnenlandsbestuur.nl/ruimte-en-milieu/nieuws/den-haag-vindt-shared-space-toch-te-gevaarlijk.13887968.lynkx (Accessed: 29 December 2021).
Mason, J. (2002) Qualitative Researching. 2nd edn. London: Sage Publications.
Matthews, B., Hibberd, D. and Speakman, K. (2015) ‘The impact of street accessibility on travel and independence for disabled people’ in 14th International Conference on Mobility and Transport for Elderly and Disabled Persons. Lisbon, Portugal.
Moody, S. and Melia, S. (2014) ‘Shared space – research, policy and problems’, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Transport, 167(6), pp. 384-392.
Parajuli, A. and Pojani, D. (2018) ‘Barriers to the pedestrianization of city centres: perspectives from the Global North and the Global South’, Journal of Urban Design, 23(1), pp. 142-160.
Park, S. and Humphry, J. (2019) ‘Exclusion by design: intersections of social, digital and data exclusion’, Information, Communication & Society, 22(7), pp. 934-953.
Paschalidis, E., Basbas, S., Politis, I. and Prodromou, M. (2016) ‘“Put the blame on…others!”: The battle of cyclists against pedestrians and car drivers at the urban environment. A cyclists’ perception study’, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 41(B), pp. 243-260.
Poulos, R.G., Hatfield, J., Rissel, C., Flack, L.K., Murphy, S., Grzebieta, R. and McIntosh, A.S. (2015) ‘Characteristics, cycling patterns, and crash and injury experiences at baseline of a cohort of transport and recreational cyclists in New South Wales, Australia’, Accident Analysis & Prevention, 78, pp. 155-164.
Reuter, T.K. (2019) ‘Human rights and the city: Including marginalized communities in urban development and smart cities’, Journal of Human Rights, 18(4), pp. 382-402.
Ritchie, J. and Spencer, L. (2002) ‘Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research: The qualitative researcher’s companion’ in Bryman, A. and Burgess, B. (eds.) Analyzing Qualitative Data. London: Routledge, pp. 173-194.
Robinson, O.C. (2014) ‘Sampling in interview-based qualitative research: A theoretical and practical guide’, Qualitative Research Psychology, 11, pp. 24-41.
Rodgers, J. (1999) ‘Trying to get it right: Undertaking research involving people with learning difficulties’, Disability and Society, 14(4), pp. 421-433.
Smith, M., Calder-Dawe, O., Carroll, P., Kayes, N., Kearns, R., Lin, E. and Witten, K. (2021) ‘Mobility barriers and enablers and their implications for the wellbeing of disabled children and young people in Aotearoa New Zealand: A cross-sectional qualitative study’, Wellbeing, Space and Society, 2 [Online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wss.2021.100028 (Accessed: 23 April 2022).
Swinburne, G. (2005) Report on Road Safety in Kensington High Street. London: Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.
Thomas, C. (2008) ‘Discussion: Shared space—safe space?’, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer, 161(1), pp. 59-60.
TNS-BMRB (2010) The impact of shared surface streets and shared use pedestrian/cycle paths on the mobility and independence of blind and partially sighted people. Reading: The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association.
United Nations (2015) Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development [Online]. Available at: https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda (Accessed: 10 May 2022).
United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2014) General Comment No 2. Article 9: Accessibility, CRPD/C/GC/2, 11 April 2014.
United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2017) General Comment No 5. Article 19: Living Independently and Being Included in the Community, CRPD/C/GC/5, 27 September 2017.
United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2018) General Comment No 7 on the participation of persons with disabilities, including children with disabilities, through their representative organisations in the implementation and monitoring of the Convention, CRPD/C/GC/7, 9 November 2018.
United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) A/Res/61/106, adopted 13 December 2006.
United Nations General Assembly (2016) New Urban Agenda, A/Res/71/256, adopted 23 December 2016.
United Nations General Assembly (2020) Follow-up to the implementation of the New Urban Agenda and strengthening of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN Habitat) - Report of the Secretary-General, A/75/296, adopted 7 August 2020.
United Nations Habitat Assembly (2019A) United Nations System-Wide Guidelines on Safer Cities and Human Settlements, HSP/HA.1/Res.2, adopted 31 May 2019.
United Nations Habitat Assembly (2019B) Report of the ninth session of the World Urban Forum, HSP/HA/1/INF/5, 15 May 2019.
United Nations Habitat (2020) Streets for walking & cycling: Designing for safety, accessibility, and comfort in African cities [Online]. Available at: https://unhabitat.org/node/142833 (Accessed: 18 May 2022).
Villani, C. and Talamini, G. (2021) ‘Pedestrianised streets in the global neoliberal city: A battleground between hegemonic strategies of commodification and informal tactics of communing’, Cities, 108 [Online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102983 (Accessed: 25 May 2022).
Wardman, M., Hatfield, R. and Page, M. (1997) ‘The UK national cycling strategy: Can improved facilities meet the targets?’, Transport Policy, 4(2), pp. 123–133.
Barr, S., Lampkin, S., Dawkins, L. and Williamson, D. (2021) ‘Shared space: Negotiating sites of (un)sustainable mobility’, Geoforum, 127, pp. 283-292.
Bates, D.M. (2008) ‘User perspective: Blind people and shared space surface developments: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers’, Urban Design and Planning, 161(2), pp. 49-50.
Beitel, D., Stipancic, J., Manaugh, K. and Miranda-Moreno, L. (2018) ‘Assessing safety of shared space using cyclist-pedestrian interactions and automated video conflict analysis’, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 65, pp. 710-724.
Blaikie, N. (2010) Designing Social Research: The Logic of Anticipation. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Campisi, T., Ignaccolo, M., Inturri, G., Tesoriere, G., and Torrisi, V. (2021) ‘Evaluation of walkability and mobility requirements of visually impaired people in urban spaces’, Research in Transportation Business & Management, 40 [Online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2020.100592 (Accessed: 25 May 2022).
Che, M., Wong, Y.D., Lum, K.M. and Wang, X. (2021) ‘Interaction behaviour of active mobility users in shared space’, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 153, pp. 52-65.
Church, A., Frost, M. and Sullivan, K. (2000) ‘Transport and social exclusion in London’, Transport Policy, 7(3), pp. 195-205.
Clarke, P. and Gallagher, N.A. (2013) ‘Optimizing Mobility in Later Life: The Role of the Urban Built Environment for Older Adults Aging in Place’, Journal of Urban Health, 90, pp. 997–1009.
De Haan, P. and Nota, S. (2012) Shared Space 2.0, Verkeerskunde [Online]. Available at: https://www.verkeerskunde.nl/artikel/shared-space-20-vk-2-2012 (Accessed: 10 October 2021).
Delaney, H. (2016) ‘Walking and cycling interactions on shared-use paths’. Doctoral dissertation, University of the West of England.
Department for Transport (2011) Using shared space to improve high streets for pedestrians (LTN 1/11). London: Stationery Office.
Disabled Persons Transport Advisory Committee (2018) Guidance: DPTAC Position on Shared Space. London: DPTAC.
Eskytė, I. (2019) ‘When accessibility of public space excludes: Shopping experience of people with vision impairments’, The Journal of Public Space, 4(4), pp. 37-60.
Gerlach, J., Methorst, R., Boenke, D. and Leven, J. (2009) Sense and nonsense about Shared Space - For an objective view of a popular planning concept [Online]. Available at: https://www.pedbikeinfo.org/cms/downloads/Shared%20Space_short_german-Eng.pdf (Accessed: 10 November 2021).
Gharebaghi, A., Mostafavi, M.A., Chavoshi, S.H., Edwards, G. and Fougeyrollas, P. (2018), ‘The role of social factors in the accessibility of urban areas for people with motor disabilities. International Journal of Geo-Information, 7(4), p. 131.
Greed, C. (2011) ‘Planning for sustainable urban areas or everyday life and inclusion: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers’, Urban Design and Planning, 164(2), pp. 107-119.
Guest, G., Bunce, A. and Johnson, L. (2006) ‘How any interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability’, Field Methods, 18(1), pp. 59-82.
Hamilton-Baillie, B. (2008) ‘Towards shared space’, Urban Design International, 13(2), pp. 130-138.
Hammond, V. and Musselwhite, C. (2013) ‘The attitudes, perceptions and concerns of pedestrians and vulnerable road users to shared space: A case study from the UK’, Journal of Urban Design, 18(1), pp. 78-97.
Hatfield, J. and Prabhakharan, P. (2016) ‘An investigation of behaviour and attitudes relevant to the user safety of pedestrian/cyclist shared paths’, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 40, pp. 35-47.
Havik, E.M., Melis-Dankers, B.J., Steyvers, F.J. and Kooijman, A.C. (2012) ‘Accessibility of Shared Space for visually impaired persons: An inventory in the Netherlands’, British Journal of Visual Impairment, 30(3), pp. 132-148.
Havik, E.M., Steyvers, F.J., Kooijman, A.C. and Melis-Dankers, B.J. (2015) ‘Accessibility of shared space for visually impaired persons: A comparative field study’, British Journal of Visual Impairment, 33(2), pp. 96-110.
Henn, M., Weinstein, M. and Foard, N. (2006) A Short Introduction to Social Research. London: Sage Publications.
Holmes, C. (2015) Accidents by Design: The Holmes Report into ‘Shared Space’ in the United Kingdom. London: Stationery Office.
Hopkinson, P. and Wardman, M. (1996) ‘Evaluating the demand for new cycle facilities’, Transport Policy, 3(4), pp. 241-249.
House of Commons (2017) Women and Equalities Committee, Building for Equality: Disability and the Built Environment. London: Stationery Office.
House of Lords (2016) Select Committee on the Equality Act 2010 and Disability, The Equality Act 2010: The Impact on Disabled People. London: Stationery Office.
Imrie, R. (2012) ‘Auto-disabilities: The case of shared space environments’, Environment and Planning A, 44(9), pp. 2260-2277.
Inclusive Public Space Project [Online]. Available at: https://inclusivepublicspace.leeds.ac.uk/ (Accessed: 30 May 2022).
Kaparias, I. and Li, P. (2021) ‘Behaviour and perceptions of powered two-wheeler users in street designs with elements of shared space’, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 80, pp. 368-380.
Kaparias, I., Bell, M.G.H, Biagioli, T., Bellezza, L. and Mount, B. (2015) ‘Behavioural analysis of interactions between pedestrians and vehicles in street designs with elements of shared space’, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 30, pp. 115-127.
Keates, S. and Clarkson, P. (2003) ‘Countering design exclusion: bridging the gap between usability and accessibility’, Universal Access in the Information Age, 2, pp. 215–225.
Latham, A. and Layton, J. (2019), ‘Social infrastructure and the public life of cities: Studying urban sociality and public spaces’, Geography Compass, 13 [Online]. Available at: https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/gec3.12444 (Accessed: 15 May 2022).
Liang, X., Meng, X. and Zheng, L. (2021) ‘Investigating conflict behaviours and characteristics in shared space for pedestrians, conventional bicycles and e-bikes’, Accident Analysis & Prevention, 158 [Online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106167 (Accessed: 15 May 2022).
Maas, M. (2020) Den Haag vindt ‘shared space’ toch te gevaarlijk (The Hague considers ‘shared space’ to be too dangerous). Binnenlands Bestuur [Online]. Available at: https://www.binnenlandsbestuur.nl/ruimte-en-milieu/nieuws/den-haag-vindt-shared-space-toch-te-gevaarlijk.13887968.lynkx (Accessed: 29 December 2021).
Mason, J. (2002) Qualitative Researching. 2nd edn. London: Sage Publications.
Matthews, B., Hibberd, D. and Speakman, K. (2015) ‘The impact of street accessibility on travel and independence for disabled people’ in 14th International Conference on Mobility and Transport for Elderly and Disabled Persons. Lisbon, Portugal.
Moody, S. and Melia, S. (2014) ‘Shared space – research, policy and problems’, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Transport, 167(6), pp. 384-392.
Parajuli, A. and Pojani, D. (2018) ‘Barriers to the pedestrianization of city centres: perspectives from the Global North and the Global South’, Journal of Urban Design, 23(1), pp. 142-160.
Park, S. and Humphry, J. (2019) ‘Exclusion by design: intersections of social, digital and data exclusion’, Information, Communication & Society, 22(7), pp. 934-953.
Paschalidis, E., Basbas, S., Politis, I. and Prodromou, M. (2016) ‘“Put the blame on…others!”: The battle of cyclists against pedestrians and car drivers at the urban environment. A cyclists’ perception study’, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 41(B), pp. 243-260.
Poulos, R.G., Hatfield, J., Rissel, C., Flack, L.K., Murphy, S., Grzebieta, R. and McIntosh, A.S. (2015) ‘Characteristics, cycling patterns, and crash and injury experiences at baseline of a cohort of transport and recreational cyclists in New South Wales, Australia’, Accident Analysis & Prevention, 78, pp. 155-164.
Reuter, T.K. (2019) ‘Human rights and the city: Including marginalized communities in urban development and smart cities’, Journal of Human Rights, 18(4), pp. 382-402.
Ritchie, J. and Spencer, L. (2002) ‘Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research: The qualitative researcher’s companion’ in Bryman, A. and Burgess, B. (eds.) Analyzing Qualitative Data. London: Routledge, pp. 173-194.
Robinson, O.C. (2014) ‘Sampling in interview-based qualitative research: A theoretical and practical guide’, Qualitative Research Psychology, 11, pp. 24-41.
Rodgers, J. (1999) ‘Trying to get it right: Undertaking research involving people with learning difficulties’, Disability and Society, 14(4), pp. 421-433.
Smith, M., Calder-Dawe, O., Carroll, P., Kayes, N., Kearns, R., Lin, E. and Witten, K. (2021) ‘Mobility barriers and enablers and their implications for the wellbeing of disabled children and young people in Aotearoa New Zealand: A cross-sectional qualitative study’, Wellbeing, Space and Society, 2 [Online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wss.2021.100028 (Accessed: 23 April 2022).
Swinburne, G. (2005) Report on Road Safety in Kensington High Street. London: Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.
Thomas, C. (2008) ‘Discussion: Shared space—safe space?’, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer, 161(1), pp. 59-60.
TNS-BMRB (2010) The impact of shared surface streets and shared use pedestrian/cycle paths on the mobility and independence of blind and partially sighted people. Reading: The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association.
United Nations (2015) Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development [Online]. Available at: https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda (Accessed: 10 May 2022).
United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2014) General Comment No 2. Article 9: Accessibility, CRPD/C/GC/2, 11 April 2014.
United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2017) General Comment No 5. Article 19: Living Independently and Being Included in the Community, CRPD/C/GC/5, 27 September 2017.
United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2018) General Comment No 7 on the participation of persons with disabilities, including children with disabilities, through their representative organisations in the implementation and monitoring of the Convention, CRPD/C/GC/7, 9 November 2018.
United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) A/Res/61/106, adopted 13 December 2006.
United Nations General Assembly (2016) New Urban Agenda, A/Res/71/256, adopted 23 December 2016.
United Nations General Assembly (2020) Follow-up to the implementation of the New Urban Agenda and strengthening of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN Habitat) - Report of the Secretary-General, A/75/296, adopted 7 August 2020.
United Nations Habitat Assembly (2019A) United Nations System-Wide Guidelines on Safer Cities and Human Settlements, HSP/HA.1/Res.2, adopted 31 May 2019.
United Nations Habitat Assembly (2019B) Report of the ninth session of the World Urban Forum, HSP/HA/1/INF/5, 15 May 2019.
United Nations Habitat (2020) Streets for walking & cycling: Designing for safety, accessibility, and comfort in African cities [Online]. Available at: https://unhabitat.org/node/142833 (Accessed: 18 May 2022).
Villani, C. and Talamini, G. (2021) ‘Pedestrianised streets in the global neoliberal city: A battleground between hegemonic strategies of commodification and informal tactics of communing’, Cities, 108 [Online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102983 (Accessed: 25 May 2022).
Wardman, M., Hatfield, R. and Page, M. (1997) ‘The UK national cycling strategy: Can improved facilities meet the targets?’, Transport Policy, 4(2), pp. 123–133.